NF E35-420-2011 制冷系统和热泵.人员能力.
时间:2024-05-20 16:03:14 来源: 标准资料网 作者：标准资料网 阅读：8769
【英文标准名称】:Refrigeratingsystemsandheatpumps-Competenceofpersonnel.
【原文标准名称】:制冷系统和热泵.人员能力.
【标准号】:NFE35-420-2011
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:法国
【发布日期】:2011-02-01
【实施或试行日期】:2011-02-19
【发布单位】:法国标准化协会(FR-AFNOR)
【起草单位】:
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:Accidentprevention;Commissioning;Competence;Coolingsystems;Definitions;Design;Employees;Energyconservations;Environmentalconditions;Evaluations;Heatpumps;Installations;Occupationalsafety;Operatingstations;Ozone;Personalhealth;Personnel;Pollutioncontrol;Practice;Protectionofpersons;Qualifications;Qualityassurance;Refrigerants;Refrigeratingplant;Refrigeratingplants;Refrigeration;Regulations;Repair;Safety;Safetyengineering;Safetyrequirements;Specialknowledge;Specification(approval);Testing;Training;Verification;Wastedisposal;Workingplaces;Workplacesafety
【摘要】:
【中国标准分类号】:Q76
【国际标准分类号】:27_080;27_200
【页数】:25P;A4
【正文语种】:其他
【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforAssessingtheTendencyofIndustrialBoilerWaterstoCauseEmbrittlement(USBMEmbrittlementDetectorMethod)
【原文标准名称】:评价工业锅炉用水引起脆裂倾向的标准实施规程(美国矿业局的脆变检查器方法)
【标准号】:ASTMD807-2005(2009)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:2005
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D19.03
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:boilerwater;cracking;detector;embrittlement;intercrystalline;Boilerfeedwater;Corrosivity--water;Embrittlement;Pressurevesselsteelforgings;USBMtest;Watercorrosivity
【摘要】:Embrittlementisaformofintercrystallinecrackingthatisassociatedwiththeexposureofboilersteeltoacombinationofphysicalandchemicalfactors.Forembrittlementofboilermetaltooccur,themetalmustbeunderstress,itmustbeatthesiteofaleak,anditmustbeexposedtotheconcentratedboilerwater.Inaddition,theboilerwatermustbeembrittlinginnature.Theprecisechemicalcausesoftheembrittlingnatureofsomewatersisnotwellunderstood.Experiencehasshownthatcertainwatersexhibitanembrittlingcharacteristicwhileothersdonot.Becauseembrittlementisaformofcracking,itisnearlyimpossibletodetectinanoperatingboileruntilafailurehasoccured.Ingeneral,crackingfailurestendtobesudden,andoftenwithseriousconsequences.Thispracticeoffersawaytodeterminewhetheraparticularwaterisembrittlingornot.Italsomakesitpossibletodetermineifspecifictreatmentactionshaverenderedthewaternonembrittling.1.1Thispractice,knownastheembrittlement-detectormethod,coverstheapparatusandprocedurefordeterminingtheembrittlingornonembrittlingcharacteristicsofthewaterinanoperatingboiler.TheinterpretationoftheresultsshallberestrictedtothelimitssetforthinSection8.6.Note18212;Theembrittlementdetectorwasdesignedtoreproducecloselytheconditionsexistinginanactualboilerseam.Itisconsideredprobablethattheindividualconditionsofleakage,concentration,andstressintheboilerseamcanequalthoseinthedetector.Theessentialdifferencebetweenthedetectorandtheboileristhattheformerissoconstructedandoperatedthatthesethreemajorfactorsactsimultaneously,continuously,andunderthemostfavorablecircumstancestoproducecracking;whereas,intheboilerthethreefactorsarebroughttogetheronlyunderuniquecircumstances.Furthermore,inthedetectoranycrackingisproducedinasmalltestsurfacethatcanbeinspectedthoroughly,whilethesusceptibleareasinaboilerarelargeandcanbeinspectedonlywithdifficulty.Intheserespectstheembrittlementdetectorprovidesanacceleratedtestofthefourthconditionnecessaryforembrittlement,theembrittlingnatureoftheboilerwater.Note28212;Cracksinaspecimenafterbeingsubjectedtothistestindicatethattheboilerwatercancauseembrittlementcracking,butnotthattheboilerinquestionnecessarilyhascrackedorwillcrack.1.2Theeffectivenessoftreatmenttopreventcracking,aswellasanindicationofwhetheranunsafeconditionexists,areshownbythispractice.Suchtreatmentsareevaluatedintermsofmethodspecimenresistancetofailure.1.3Thepracticemaybeappliedtoembrittlementresistancetestingofsteelsotherthanboilerplate,providedthataduplicate,unexposedspecimendoesnotcrackwhenbent90x00B0;ona2-in.(51-mm)radius.1.4Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
【中国标准分类号】:J98
【国际标准分类号】:27_060_30
【页数】:6P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语